[[PIE morphology MOC]]
# PIE conjugation
Verbs were conjugated for tense/[[PIE mood|mood]], [[PIE voice|voice]], [[PIE aspect|aspect]], as well as the [[PIE person system|person]] and [[PIE grammatical number|number]] of the subject.
In strict PIE these were almost exclusively reflected by single polyfunctional morphemes (endings) in a similar vain to [[PIE declension]],
which was inherited unchanged by the Anatolian branch.

```txt
root + ending
\____verb___/
```

By Nuclear IE the derivational affixes previously used for converting verbs from one [[PIE aspect|aspect]] to another had become more inflectional.
Similarly, the innovative subjunctive and optative moods were reflected by affixes,
yielding the following structure.

```txt
root + aspect? + mood? + ending
\________stem________/        /
 \____________verb___________/
```

Some reconstruct the so-called **augment** prefix <em class="recon">é-</em> for Central IE, 
but Ringe argues this did not exist for any ancestor of [[Proto-Germanic]].[^intro]

[^intro]: 2017, [[@ringeProtoIndoEuropeanProtoGermanic2017|From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic]], p. 30

In general, PIE conjugation had two phases

1. [[PIE verb stem formation]] encoding aspect and later mood
2. [[PIE verb endings]] encoding everything else

Ringe notes that the thematic stem inflections would have been easier to learn,
and certainly the majority of verbs became thematic in Proto-Germanic.[^foreshadowing]

[^forshadowing]: 2017, [[@ringeProtoIndoEuropeanProtoGermanic2017|From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic]], p. 49

## Core IE paradigm architecture

- Verbs with only one aspect stem — Always unaffixed.
- Verbs with two or three aspect stems — One unaffixed aspect, the rest affixed.
- Derived verbs — Only imperfective, always affixed.[^par]



| imperfective                                         | perfective                                    | stative                                                   |
| ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
| <em class="recon">h₁és-ti</em> ‘is’                  | —                                             | —                                                         |
| <em class="recon">wés-tor</em> ‘is wearing’          | —                                             | —                                                         |
| <em class="recon">h₂áǵe-ti</em> ‘is driving’         | —                                             | —                                                         |
| —                                                    | <em class="recon">bʰúH-t</em> ‘became’        | —                                                         |
| —                                                    | <em class="recon">h₁ludʰé-d</em> ‘arrived’    | —                                                         |
| —                                                    | —                                             | <em class="recon">wóyd-e</em> ‘knows’                     |
| <em class="recon">dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti</em> ‘is putting’     | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁-t</em> ‘put’          |                                                           |
| <em class="recon">stí-stah₂-ti</em> ‘is getting up’  | <em class="recon">stáh₂-t</em> ‘stood up’     | <em class="recon">ste-stoh₂-a</em> ‘is standing’          |
| <em class="recon">tḷ-nah₂-ti</em> ‘is lifting’       | <em class="recon">télh₂-t</em> ‘lifted’       | <em class="recon">te-tólh₂-a</em> ‘is holding up’         |
| <em class="recon">sí-sde-ti</em> ‘is getting seated’ | <em class="recon">séds-t</em>[^s] ‘sat down’  | —                                                         |
| <em class="recon">gʷṃ-ské-ti</em> ‘is walking’       | <em class="recon">gʷém-d</em> ‘stepped’       | <em class="recon">gʷe-gʷóm-e</em> ‘has the feet in place’ |
| <em class="recon">ǵṇh₁-yé-tor</em> ‘is being born’   | <em class="recon">ǵṇh₁-tó</em> ‘was born’     | <em class="recon">ǵe-gónh₁-e</em> ‘is … years old’        |
| <em class="recon">wér-ye-ti</em> ‘is saying’         | <em class="recon">wérh₁-t</em> ‘said’         | —                                                         |
| <em class="recon">déyḱ-ti</em> ‘is pointing out’     | <em class="recon">déyk-s-t</em> ‘pointed out’ | —                                                         |
| <em class="recon">wéǵʰe-ti</em> ‘is transporting”    | <em class="recon">wégʰ-s-t</em> ‘transported’ | —                                                         |
| <em class="recon">wérts-ti</em> ‘is turning’         | —                                             | <em class="recon">we-wórt-e</em> ‘is turned toward’       |
| —                                                    | <em class="recon">h₂néḱ-t</em> ‘reached’      | <em class="recon">h₂a-h₂nóḱ-e</em> ‘extends to’           |

[^par]: 2017, [[@ringeProtoIndoEuropeanProtoGermanic2017|From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic]], p. 42

[^s]: Notice the [[PIE *s insertion]].

## Conjugations
- [[Proto-Central IE sample conjugations]]

#
---
#state/tidy | #lang/en | #SemBr